A key component of the skin's Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) that supports stratum corneum hydration and, at higher concentrations, provides keratolytic action. Found in 1,339 products in our database, Urea is widely used for dry, rough, and keratinized skin.
This humectant and skin-conditioning agent helps improve stratum corneum hydration, while at higher concentrations it provides keratolytic action by promoting desquamation. It's commonly used in moisturizers and treatments for dry, rough skin. The ingredient has a favorable safety profile and is generally well-tolerated, though burning or stinging can occur — particularly on compromised or broken skin, and irritation potential varies with concentration and vehicle.
Urea (INCI: Urea, CAS 57-13-6) is a naturally occurring compound that is a key component of the skin's Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) — the complex mixture of substances that keeps the stratum corneum hydrated. In healthy skin, Urea makes up approximately 7% of the NMF. It is a small, water-soluble molecule (molecular weight 60 Da) that penetrates the stratum corneum readily, which is why it is so effective at improving hydration from within. Cosmetic Urea is produced synthetically from ammonia and carbon dioxide, yielding a compound identical to the Urea naturally present in the body.
The CIR Expert Panel assessed Urea and concluded it is safe as used in cosmetics. The assessment found Urea is not genotoxic in standard bacterial and mammalian assays, and not carcinogenic in animal studies. At cosmetic concentrations (typically 2–10%), Urea functions primarily as a humectant and skin conditioner. At higher concentrations (10–40%), it exhibits keratolytic properties — gently dissolving the intercellular cement that holds dead skin cells together, promoting desquamation and smoother skin texture. This dual action makes Urea uniquely versatile among moisturizing ingredients.
As a natural part of the skin's own NMF (~7% of NMF content), Urea helps improve stratum corneum hydration. Its hygroscopic properties support moisture retention, which may improve skin elasticity and reduce tightness and flaking.
At concentrations above 10%, Urea breaks down the bonds between dead skin cells, promoting their natural shedding. This smooths rough texture and reduces flakiness. Note: CIR states Urea can increase percutaneous absorption of other chemicals — this is a formulation consideration, not a primary skincare benefit.
By restoring NMF levels in the stratum corneum, Urea strengthens the skin's moisture barrier. This reduces trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and helps protect against environmental irritants, making skin more resilient over time.
The CIR notes that Urea can increase percutaneous absorption of other chemicals. Formulators should consider this when combining Urea with other actives. This is a formulation-level consideration rather than a primary consumer benefit.
Commonly used for: Dry, very dry, rough, and keratinized skin. Also widely used in foot care and body care. Sensitive or broken skin should start with low concentrations; burning/stinging may occur, especially at higher concentrations or on compromised skin.
The CIR Expert Panel concluded that Urea is safe as used in cosmetics. It is a natural component of the skin's NMF and generally well-tolerated at cosmetic concentrations. However, irritation potential varies with concentration, vehicle, and skin condition — burning/stinging is the most commonly reported adverse sensation.
At low concentrations (2–10%), Urea is a gentle humectant suitable for daily use on the face and body. At higher concentrations (10–20%), it becomes keratolytic and may cause mild tingling on sensitive or broken skin. Concentrations above 20% are generally intended for targeted treatment of very dry, callused, or keratinized areas.
Urea can sting when applied to cracked or open skin. If you experience discomfort, allow wounds to heal first or choose a lower concentration. This is a temporary sensation, not an allergic reaction.
In the CIR assessment, 5% Urea was noted as slightly irritating and 20% as irritating in some reports, while 60% produced no significant irritation in another study — illustrating that individual tolerance varies and concentration matters.
Urea is a naturally occurring compound produced by the human body during protein metabolism. It is a normal component of the skin's NMF and is present in blood, urine, and sweat. The CIR assessment found it non-genotoxic and non-carcinogenic. Topical urea at cosmetic concentrations is generally considered low-risk during pregnancy based on its endogenous nature and limited systemic absorption from topical application — though this is not based on dedicated pregnancy clinical trials. Always consult your healthcare provider for personal advice.
Urea hydrates from within the stratum corneum while ceramides rebuild the lipid barrier from above. Together they provide comprehensive dry-skin repair — moisture retention plus barrier reinforcement.
Two humectants that both support skin hydration. HA is a large polymer; Urea is a small molecule (60 Da) that readily penetrates the stratum corneum. Their relative performance depends on formulation and product design rather than a simple surface/deep distinction. A commonly used combination for dehydrated skin.
Squalane is an excellent emollient to seal in the hydration that Urea provides. This pairing is especially effective for body care — Urea moisturizes and softens, squalane locks it all in.
Niacinamide strengthens the skin barrier and reduces inflammation while Urea provides deep hydration. Together they address both barrier weakness and moisture deficiency — common in dry, sensitive skin.
High-concentration Urea (10%+) already has keratolytic action. Adding AHA (glycolic, lactic acid) or BHA (salicylic acid) on top may over-exfoliate, leading to irritation. If using both, alternate days or use on different body areas.
Low-concentration Urea (2–5%) pairs well with retinol. But high-concentration Urea (10%+) combined with retinol may cause excessive dryness and irritation — the exfoliating actions can compound.
Featured products containing Urea. Found in 1,339 product variants in our database. Formulations may change between product versions; verify current INCI lists.
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